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Best shoulder replacement surgeon in Noida contact number 9654832287
Shoulder replacement surgeon, or shoulder arthroplasty, is a procedure where damaged parts of the shoulder joint are replaced with artificial components. It is performed to relieve pain and restore mobility in patients with severe shoulder joint conditions.
Indications
Osteoarthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis
Post-traumatic arthritis
Rotator cuff tear arthropathy
Avascular necrosis
Severe fractures of the shoulder
Types of Shoulder Replacement
1. Total Shoulder Replacement
Replaces both the ball (humeral head) and socket (glenoid)
Used in severe rotator cuff damage or failed previous surgeries
Surgical Procedure
Performed under general or regional anaesthesia
Incision made in the front or top of shoulder
Damaged bone and cartilage are removed
Prosthetic components implanted and secured
Soft tissues and muscles are repositioned
Duration: 1 – 3 hours
Recovery and Rehabilitation
Hospital stay: 1–3 days
Arm immobilized in a sling
Pain managed with medications
Physical therapy begins within a few days
Gradual return to daily activities over weeks
Recovery Timeline
Light activities: 4–6 weeks
Full recovery: 3–6 months
Strength and range of motion improve with physiotherapy
Cost Of Treatment
The cost of Shoulder Replacement or Reverse Shoulder Replacement would be in the range of Rs. 1,50,000 - 250,000 depending on the type of hospital chosen and the type of implant. There are several types of implants available in the market. The FDA approved imported implants are costlier but have better functioning and better reliability. The hospital stay would be around 5 days and the patient will have to keep the arm in a sling for 4 weeks. The physiotherapy to strengthen the shoulder muscles would start 4 weeks after the surgery and would continue for a period of 3-4 months. Full mobility would be achieved within 6 months of the surgery. However the patient will be relieved of the consistent pain immediately after the surgery. Long term use of painkillers is bad for the kidneys and therefore getting the surgery done in order to get pain relief is a better option in the long run.
Dr Manoj is Orthopaedics, Joint Replacement and Arthroscopic Surgery at
Best shoulder replacement surgeon in Noida contact number You can book appointment with Vikas Gupta by calling on the number 9654832287 or by filling the form . The consultation can be done by visiting Best shoulder replacement surgeon in Noida contact number
or on phone by sending your reports through whatsapp on the number 9654832298.
You Might have read my previous posts about how to remove windows passwords using chntpw and might be thinking why am I writing another tutorial to do the same thing! Well today we are not going to remove the windows user password rather we are going to be more stealth in that we are not going to remove it rather we are going to know what is the users password and access his/her account with his/her own password. Sounds nice...
1. First of all download mimikatz and put it in a pendrive. 2. Boat the victim's PC with your live bootable Pendrive (Kali Linux on pendrive in my case). And open a terminal window 3. Mount the Volume/Drive on which windows 8/8.1 is installed by typing these commands in the terminal window: mkdir /media/win ntfs-3g /dev/sda1 /media/win [NOTE] ntfs-3g is used to mount an NTFS drive in Read/Write mode otherwise you might not be able to write on the drive. Also /dev/sda1 is the name of the drive on which Windows OS is installed, to list your drives you can use lsblk -l or fdisk -l. The third flag is the location where the drive will be mounted. 4. Now navigate to the System32 folder using the following command cd /media/win/Windows/System32 5. After navigating to the System32 rename the sethc.exe file to sethc.exe.bak by typing the following command: mv sethc.exe sethc.exe.bak sethc.exe is a windows program which runs automatically after shift-key is pressed more than 5 times continuously. 6. Now copy the cmd.exe program to sethc.exe replacing the original sethc.exe program using this command: cp cmd.exe sethc.exe [Note] We made a backup of sethc.exe program so that we can restore the original sethc.exe functionality 7. With this, we are done with the hard part of the hack now lets reboot the system and boot our Victim's Windows 8/8.1 OS. 8. After reaching the Windows Login Screen plugin the usb device with mimikatz on it and hit shift-key continuously five or more times. It will bring up a command prompt like this
9. Now navigate to your usb drive in my case its drive G:
10. Now navigate to the proper version of mimikatz binary folder (Win32 for32bit windows and x64 for 64 bit windows)
11. Run mimikatz and type the following commands one after the other in sequence: privilege::debug token::elevate vault::list the first command enables debug mode the second one elevates the privilages the last one lists the passwords which include picture password and pin (if set by the user)
That's it you got the password and everything else needed to log into the system. No more breaking and mess making its simple its easy and best of all its not Noisy lol... Hope you enjoyed the tutorial have fun :)
In part 1 and 2 we covered re-entrancy and authorization attack scenarios within the Ethereum smart contract environment. In this blog we will cover integer attacks against blockchain decentralized applications (DAPs) coded in Solidity.
Integer Attack Explanation:
An integer overflow and underflow happens when a check on a value is used with an unsigned integer, which either adds or subtracts beyond the limits the variable can hold. If you remember back to your computer science class each variable type can hold up to a certain value length. You will also remember some variable types only hold positive numbers while others hold positive and negative numbers.
If you go outside of the constraints of the number type you are using it may handle things in different ways such as an error condition or perhaps cutting the number off at the maximum or minimum value.
In the Solidity language for Ethereum when we reach values past what our variable can hold it in turn wraps back around to a number it understands. So for example if we have a variable that can only hold a 2 digit number when we hit 99 and go past it, we will end up with 00. Inversely if we had 00 and we subtracted 1 we would end up with 99.
Normally in your math class the following would be true:
99 + 1 = 100 00 - 1 = -1
In solidity with unsigned numbers the following is true: 99 + 1 = 00 00 - 1 = 99
So the issue lies with the assumption that a number will fail or provide a correct value in mathematical calculations when indeed it does not. So comparing a variable with a require statement is not sufficiently accurate after performing a mathematical operation that does not check for safe values.
That comparison may very well be comparing the output of an over/under flowed value and be completely meaningless. The Require statement may return true, but not based on the actual intended mathematical value. This in turn will lead to an action performed which is beneficial to the attacker for example checking a low value required for a funds validation but then receiving a very high value sent to the attacker after the initial check. Lets go through a few examples.
Simple Example:
Lets say we have the following Require check as an example: require(balance - withdraw_amount > 0) ;
Now the above statement seems reasonable, if the users balance minus the withdrawal amount is less than 0 then obviously they don't have the money for this transaction correct?
This transaction should fail and produce an error because not enough funds are held within the account for the transaction. But what if we have 5 dollars and we withdraw 6 dollars using the scenario above where we can hold 2 digits with an unsigned integer?
Let's do some math. 5 - 6 = 99
Last I checked 99 is greater than 0 which poses an interesting problem. Our check says we are good to go, but our account balance isn't large enough to cover the transaction. The check will pass because the underflow creates the wrong value which is greater than 0 and more funds then the user has will be transferred out of the account.
Because the following math returns true: require(99 > 0)
Withdraw Function Vulnerable to an UnderFlow:
The below example snippet of code illustrates a withdraw function with an underflow vulnerability:
In this example the require line checks that the balance is greater then 0 after subtracting the _amount but if the _amount is greater than the balance it will underflow to a value above 0 even though it should fail with a negative number as its true value.
require(balances[msg.sender] - _amount > 0);
It will then send the value of the _amount variable to the recipient without any further checks:
msg.sender.transfer(_amount);
Followed by possibly increasing the value of the senders account with an underflow condition even though it should have been reduced:
balances[msg.sender] -= _amount;
Depending how the Require check and transfer functions are coded the attacker may not lose any funds at all but be able to transfer out large sums of money to other accounts under his control simply by underflowing the require statements which checks the account balance before transferring funds each time.
Transfer Function Vulnerable to a Batch Overflow:
Overflow conditions often happen in situations where you are sending a batched amount of values to recipients. If you are doing an airdrop and have 200 users who are each receiving a large sum of tokens but you check the total sum of all users tokens against the total funds it may trigger an overflow. The logic would compare a smaller value to the total tokens and think you have enough to cover the transaction for example if your integer can only hold 5 digits in length or 00,000 what would happen in the below scenario?
You have 10,000 tokens in your account You are sending 200 users 499 tokens each Your total sent is 200*499 or 99,800
The above scenario would fail as it should since we have 10,000 tokens and want to send a total of 99,800. But what if we send 500 tokens each? Lets do some more math and see how that changes the outcome.
You have 10,000 tokens in your account You are sending 200 users 500 tokens each Your total sent is 200*500 or 100,000 New total is actually 0
This new scenario produces a total that is actually 0 even though each users amount is 500 tokens which may cause issues if a require statement is not handled with safe functions which stop an overflow of a require statement.
Lets take our new numbers and plug them into the below code and see what happens:
1: The total variable is 100,000 which becomes 0 due to the 5 digit limit overflow when a 6th digit is hit at 99,999 + 1 = 0. So total now becomes 0.
2: This line checks if the users balance is high enough to cover the total value to be sent which in this case is 0 so 10,000 is more then enough to cover a 0 total and this check passes due to the overflow.
3: This line deducts the total from the senders balance which does nothing since the total of 10,000 - 0 is 10,000. The sender has lost no funds.
4-5: This loop iterates over the 200 users who each get 500 tokens and updates the balances of each user individually using the real value of 500 as this does not trigger an overflow condition. Thus sending out 100,000 tokens without reducing the senders balance or triggering an error due to lack of funds. Essentially creating tokens out of thin air.
In this scenario the user retained all of their tokens but was able to distribute 100k tokens across 200 users regardless if they had the proper funds to do so.
Lab Follow Along Time:
We went through what might have been an overwhelming amount of concepts in this chapter regarding over/underflow scenarios now lets do an example lab in the video below to illustrate this point and get a little hands on experience reviewing, writing and exploiting smart contracts. Also note in the blockchain youtube playlist we cover the same concepts from above if you need to hear them rather then read them.
For this lab we will use the Remix browser environment with the current solidity version as of this writing 0.5.12. You can easily adjust the compiler version on Remix to this version as versions update and change frequently. https://remix.ethereum.org/
Below is a video going through coding your own vulnerable smart contract, the video following that goes through exploiting the code you create and the videos prior to that cover the concepts we covered above:
This next video walks through exploiting the code above, preferably hand coded by you into the remix environment. As the best way to learn is to code it yourself and understand each piece:
Conclusion:
We covered a lot of information at this point and the video series playlist associated with this blog series has additional information and walk throughs. Also other videos as always will be added to this playlist including fixing integer overflows in the code and attacking an actual live Decentralized Blockchain Application. So check out those videos as they are dropped and the current ones, sit back and watch and re-enforce the concepts you learned in this blog and in the previous lab. This is an example from a full set of labs as part of a more comprehensive exploitation course we have been working on.
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